fucoxanthin vs astaxanthin

Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Mercadante AZ, Egeland ES. Rat heart valve interstitial cells under H, Fucoxanthin (FX), a natural carotenoid present in edible brown seaweed, is known for its therapeutic potential in various diseases, including bone disease. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of Fx on heart valves under high oxidative stress, as well as the underlying mechanism of action. Carotenoids are functional pigments that can be applied in the nutraceutical, cosmetic and other industrial fields. Reduction in dietary consumption of animal fat, cholesterol, and sodium should be the mainstay of population-wide CHD prevention [3]. The animal experiments with fucoxanthin stimulated researchers to recommend human clinical trials with fucoxanthin. The aim of this Special Issue on Fucoxanthin and AstaxanthinProduction, Biofunction, and Application is to present advances in the research of marine fucoxanthin and astaxanthin. To facilitate fucoxanthin applications in the food industry, it is important to improve its low bioavailability. Beneficial effects of. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Fucoxanthin (FX), a natural carotenoid present in edible brown seaweed, is known for its therapeutic potential in various diseases, including bone disease. Woo et al. Both these two carotenoids show strong antioxidant activity attributed to quenching singlet oxygen and scavenging free radicals. Fucoxanthin is a naturally occurring brown pigment that belongs to the class of non-provitamin A carotenoids, a class of 40-carbon organic molecules that consist of two groups: xanthophylls if their structure contains oxygen, and carotenes if there is no oxygen in their chemical formula. Gross GJ, Hazen SL, Lockwood SF. Natural antioxidant products are being investigated in related research, such as fucoxanthin (Fx), which is a marine carotenoid extracted from seaweed, with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. A single-blind clinical investigation. The potential beneficial effects of marine carotenoids have been studied particularly in astaxanthin and fucoxanthin as they are the major marine carotenoids. It appears that fucoxanthin is capable of upregulating glucose transporter, mRNA expression of L6 myotubes which are responsible for glucose transport in adult muscle tissue [47]. Carotenoids are ubiquitous in nature and present in plants, algae and microorganisms. To utilize marine carotenoids in the industrial scale, however, basic information on their biosynthesis and production is required. An interesting, extra, metabolic benefit of fucoxanthin administration in rodents is the promotion of the synthesis of DHA in the liver [43]. Along with genetic factors and age, lifestyle and diet are also considered important risk factors. However, humans and other animals are unable to manufacture carotenoids and hence require these in their diet. DDA has been shown to be very effective in animal cardiovascular studies administered both intravenously and orally [2325]. All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. In this work, the ameliorative effect of fucoxanthin on visible light and lipid peroxidation-induced phagocytosis disruption in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells was investigated in vitro. As a carotenoid, fucoxanthin is a powerful antioxidant that protects cells from FRs damage. Connor WE. Abidov M, Ramazanov Z, Seifulla R, Grachev S. The effects of Xanthigen in the weight management of obese premenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and normal liver fat. Karppi J, Rissanen TH, Nyyssonen K. Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on lipid peroxidation. This review evaluated the research trends of the fucoxanthin field from 1928 to June 2021 using the bibliometric method. Yeh CT, Ching LC, Yen GC. Lauver DA, Lockwood SF, Lucchesi BR. However, following the addition of Nrf2 inhibitor ML385, the fucoxanthin exhibited no ameliorative effects on the oxidative stress, inflammation, and phagocytosis disruption in the RPE cells, thus indicating that the ameliorative effect of fucoxanthin on the phagocytosis of RPE cells is closely related to the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Fucoxanthin has a unique structure including an allenic bond and 5,6-monoepoxide in the molecole, is a major carotenoid found in edible sceaweeds such as Undaria pinnatifida, Hijikia fusiformis and Sargassum fulvelum [44]. Even Karppi et al. A combination of these distinct properties is very rarely found among naturally occurring food-derived compounds [35,36]. Numerous studies indicate that increased oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of CVD. [43] in male Wister rats and female KK-Ay mice under different experimental diets (soybean oil, Undaria lipids, Undaria glycolipid fraction, crude fucoxanthin and purified fucoxanthin fed to different concentration according to their groups) for 4 weeks shows that Undaria lipids (containing 9.6% fucoxanthin) reduced significantly the weights of abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) of both rats and mice. Fucoxanthin, on the other hand, donates electron as a part of its free-radical quenching function. Recently, the health benefits of marine carotenoids such as fucoxanthin and astaxanthin have received great attention, with many papers being published on the topic. Spiller GA, Dewell A. Body weights of mice fed Undaria lipid was significantly lower than that of controls [45]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Thrombosis is a major complication of coronary atherosclerosis that can lead to myocardial infarction. The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves Ikeda K, Kitamura A, Machida H, Watanabe M, Negishi H, Hiraoka J, Nakano T. Effect of. MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Maeda H, Tsukui T, Sashima T, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K. Seaweed carotenoid, fucoxanthin, as a multi-functional nutrient. ), fungi (red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma), complex plants, seafood, and some birds such as flamingos and quail; it is reddish-coloured, and gives salmon, shrimp and lobster their distinctive colouration [17]. All delivery systems found, such as liposomes, particulate systems, inclusion complexes, emulsions, and films, presented peculiar advantages able to enhance AST properties, among which are stability, antioxidant potential, biological activities, and drug release. Pharmacol. Lichtenstein AH. The site is secure. The testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels of prostates in the AST-treated groups were lower than those in the BPH model control group, and a significant decline was found in the T level of prostates in the 40 g/kg and 80 mg/kg AST-treated rats and the DHT level of prostates in the 40 mg/kg AST-treated rats. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. In addition, DHA enhances the production of prostacyclin, a prostaglandin that produces vasodilation and less sticky platelets [40]. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Unfortunately, its. Except for the sham operation, BPH model rats were randomly assigned to five groups: the BPH model control rats, AST-treated BPH model rats (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg), and epristeride (EPR)-treated BPH model rats. Oxidative stress is tightly regulated by a balance between production and removal of ROS [6], which are natural by-products of metabolism with important roles in cell signaling. In: Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S, Pfander H, editors. We attempted the combined feeding of fucoxanthin-containing seaweed oil (SO) and monocaprin in a powder diet and analyzed the fucoxanthin metabolite contents in the liver, small intestine and serum of diabetic/obese KK-, (This article belongs to the Special Issue, Fucoxanthin, a special xanthophyll derived from marine algae, has increasingly attracted attention due to its diverse biological functions. A prospective study of consumption of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables and decreased cardiovascular mortality in the elderly. Allergy Drug Discov. Future clinical studies and trials will help determine the efficacy of these marine carotenoids (asthaxantin and fucoxanthin) on vascular structure, function, oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of patients at risk of, or with established CVD. Yoshida H, Yanai H, Ito K, Tomono Y, Koikeda T, Tsukahara H, Tada N. Administration of natural astaxanthin increases serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemia. Fucoxanthin is a marine carotenoid found in brown seaweeds and several microalgae. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. 1Cardiology Unit, San Camillo de Lellis Hospital, via Isonzo, Manfredonia, Foggia, 71043, Italy, 2Human Nutrition, Department of Biomedical Science, via Dei vestini, University G. DAnnunzio, Chieti, 66013, Italy; E-Mail: ti.hcinu@oizarodn, 3Department of Human Movement Sciences, via Dei Vestini, University G. DAnnunzio, Chieti, 66013, Italy; E-Mails: ti.hcinu@illehcsehcnarf.s (S.F. Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 16923. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Biochem. Even Yoshida et al. Physiol. Egert S, Kannenberg F, Somoza V, Erbersdobler HF, Wahrburg U. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid, EPA and DHA have differential effects on LDL fatty acid composition but similar effects on serum lipid profiles in normolipidemic humans. Astaxanthin cannot be manufactured in animals or converted to vitamin A and therefore must be consumed in the diet. Fucoxanthin increases the amount of energy released as heat in fat tissue, a process also called thermogenesis. In addition, antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C, polyphenols and carotenoids are available from foods [10]. These observations may explain the epidemiological data indicating that diets rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of numerous chronic diseases [14]. Fucoxanthin, a special xanthophyll derived from marine algae, has increasingly attracted attention due to its diverse biological functions. Supplementation with fruit and vegetable soups and beverages increas plasma carotenoid concentrations but does not alter marker of oxidative stress or cardiovascular risk factors. Novel risk factors include highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and other markers of inflammation, homocysteine, and lipoprotein (a) [2]. Fucoxanthin proved safe with no side effects, and even provided other health benefits, including improved cardiovascular health, reduction of inflammation (a major cause of heart disease), healthy cholesterol and TG levels, improvements in blood pressure levels, and healthy liver function [4951]. In this regard it is interesting to note an increased concentration of fat in the abdomen statistically correlated with an increased risk of CVD. Astaxanthin has undergone investigation in a large number of experimental studies related to the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. Food processing methods and methods to improve stability are particularly important. A compromised anti-oxidant defense system can lead to excessive oxidative stress and ultimately result in cell damage [8]. Currently, heart valve damage or heart valve diseases are treated by drugs or surgery. Learn more Lee S, Park Y, Zuidema MY, Hannink M, Zhang C. Effects of interventions on oxidative stress and inflammation of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated the effect of FX on osteoclast differentiation. Marine carotenoids are important bioactive compounds with physiological activities related to prevention of degenerative diseases found principally in plants, with potential antioxidant biological properties deriving from their chemical structure and interaction with biological membranes. However, reports on its ocular benefits are still limited. Only few studies have investigated the potential benefits of astaxanthin in human health and disease and most of these have been performed in healthy volunteers to assess dosing [26], bioavailability [27,28], safety [29], oxidative stress, and inflammation [26,30]. government site. Unfortunately, its poor solubility in water, chemical instability, and low oral bioavailability make its applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical field a major challenge for the development of new products. Pashkow FJ, Watumull DG, Campbell CL. Dietary interventions should be the initial step in the treatment of CVD. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibits the synthesis of thromboxane A2 (TxA2) from arachidonic acid (AA) in platelets [39]. Riccioni G, DOrazio N, Speranza L, Di Ilio E, Glade M, Bucciarelli V, Scotti L, Martini F, Pennelli A, Bucciarelli T. Carotenoids and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Jeon SM, Kim HJ, Woo MN, Lee MK, Shin YC, Park YB, Choi MS. Fucoxanthin-rich seaweed extract suppresses body weight gain and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mice. interesting to authors, or important in this field. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Multiple comparison tests showed that 12 and 18 mg/day doses significantly reduced TG, and 6 and 12 mg doses significantly increased HDL-C. Serum adiponectin was increased by astaxanthin (12 and 18 mg/day), and changes of adiponectin correlated positively with HDL-C changes independent of age and BMI. Paterson E, Gordon MH, Niwat C, George TW, Parr L, Waroonphan S, Lovegrove JA. 8600 Rockville Pike A published study reports that fucoxanthin affects multiple enzymes involved in fat metabolism causing an increase in the production of energy from fat [37]. Inflamm. Intracellular signaling pathway analysis revealed that FX specifically decreased the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 kinase, and increased the nuclear translocation of phosphonuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Astaxanthin and fucoxanthin are major marine carotenoids. Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. Japan was the most active country in producing fucoxanthin publications. Furthermore, the typical antioxidants are usually proton donors (ascorbic acid, -tocopherol, glutathione). DHA content in fish oil fed to experimental animals inhibits the development of atherosclerosis, so the fucoxanthin may have an potential role in the modulation and prevention of human diseases, particularly to reducing the incidence of CVD [41,42]. In particular, a group of phytochemical substances in carotenoids which is responsible for the color of food play an important role in the prevention of human diseases and the maintenance of good health [4]. Also epidemiologic and clinical trials demonstrated that fish oil such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA, decreased LDL-C, TG and increased HDL-C concentrations. Sies H, Stahl W. Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants. [26] demonstrated a significant inhibition of LDL-C oxidation in 24 healthy volunteers who took doses of astaxanthin (1.8, 3.6, 14.4 and 21.6 mg/day for 2 weeks). Rufer CE, Moeseneder J, Briviba K. Bioavailability of astaxanthin stereoisomers from wild (. This type of These results indicate that AST might have an inhibitory effect on T-induced BPH in rats, possibly due to SOD activity regulation and T and DHT levels. The xanthophyll carotenoid dietary supplement, astaxanthin, has demonstrated to be a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent in models of CVD. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Fucoxanthin is a xanthophyll whose distinct structure includes an unusual allenic bond, epoxide group and conjugated carbonyl group in polyene chain [33] with antioxidant properties [34]. Currently, heart valve damage or heart valve, Cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis involve inflammatory reactions triggered by various stimuli, causing increased oxidative stress. Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). Available forms of astaxanthin are represented by natural forms on an industrial scale of production [20,21]. English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions. FOIA This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (, marine carotenoids, astaxanthin, fucoxantin, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, free radicals, oxidized LDL. In this study, crustacyanin, an astaxanthin-binding protein, was used to solubilize and concentrate astaxanthin. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In particular, SODs, catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) are endogenous natural antioxidants present within human cells. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of prostates increased in all the AST-treated rats with a significant increase in the 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg AST-treated rats. Woo MN, Jeon SM, Shin YC, Lee MK, Kang MA, Choi MS. Anti-obese property of fucoxanthin is partly mediated by altering lipid-regulating enzymes and uncoupling proteins of visceral adipose tissue in mice. This study investigates the inhibitory effect of astaxanthin (AST) on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats. It has been reported that fucoxanthin has health benefits such as anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. Granger DN, Rodrigues SF, Yildirim A, Senchenkova EY. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journals are solely A study conducted by Maeda et al. Fucoxanthin is a major carotenoid in brown macroalgae and diatoms that possesses a broad spectrum of health benefits. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly This increased oxidative stress causes damage to the heart cells, with subsequent cell apoptosis or calcification. Shiratori K, Okgami K, Ilieva I, Jin XH, Koyama Y, Miyashita K, Yoshida K, Kase S, Ohno S. Effects of fucoxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. The aim of this short review is to examine the published studies concerning the use of the two marine carotenoids, astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Riccioni G. Carotenoids and cardiovascular disease. The disodium disuccinate astaxanthin (DDA), a synthetic form of astaxanthin, overcame the limitations of caroteniods related to their poor aqueous solubility and enabled investigation of this agent in the animal models of myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion using both intravenous and oral routes of administration [22]. We predict that because of its greater antioxidant potency and membrane preservation, astaxanthin will reduce measures of oxidative stress and inflammation and provide vascular benefits [54]. However, its underlying regulatory mechanisms in osteoclastogenesis remain unclear. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. Following pretreatment with fucoxanthin, however, the activated nuclear factor erythroid-derived-2-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway was observed and, furthermore, when the fucoxanthin -pretreated RPE cells were irradiated with visible light, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and inflammation were obviously suppressed, while phagocytosis was significantly improved. The new PMC design is here! Accessibility [32] demonstrated in a randomized, placebo-controlled human study (61 non-obese subjects aged 2065 years) that astaxanthin consumption (0, 6, 12, 18 mg/day for 12 weeks) ameliorates TG and HDL-C in correlation with increased adiponectin in humans. Gori T, Nzel TM. During normal metabolism the body produces heat. Coral-Hinostroza GN, Ytrestoyl T, Ruyter T, Bjerkeng B. Wang S, Wu D, Matthan NR, Lamon-Fava S, Lecker JL, Lichtenstein AH. Marine carotenoids especially have a characteristic structure and exhibit unique functions that depend on that structure. Inducing gene expression of cardiac antioxidant enzymes by dietary phenolic acids in rats. Studies conducted in healthy human volunteers have found significant reductions in oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia and inflammatory markers after astaxanthin oral supplementation. Nutrient supplements and cardiovascular disease: A heartbreaking story. Overall findings and difference by age for 316,099 white man. Disodium disuccinate astaxanthin (Cardax): Antioxidant and antiinflammatory cardioprotection. These may lead to large interventional trials assessing CV morbidity and mortality. The difference, however is that fucoxanthin acts as an antioxidant under anoxic conditions whereas other carotenoids have practically no quenching abilities. ); ti.hcinu@aznareps.l (L.S.). Reduction in dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid ratio minimizes atherosclerotic lesion formation and inflammatory response in the LDL receptor null mouse. The same effect was also observed in the prostate index and ventral prostate index. However, its underlying regulatory mechanisms in osteoclastogenesis remain unclear. Before However, reports on its ocular benefits are still limited. Fucoxanthin has been found to reduce blood glucose in animals with diabetes and in normal mice that are fed high fat diets [46]. After treatment, as compared with the BPH model control rats, the prostate and ventral prostate weights of the AST-treated rats decreased, while there was a marked decline in the 80 mg/kg AST-treated rats. The search was made in databases without time restriction, using keywords such as astaxanthin, delivery systems, skin, cosmetic, topical, and dermal. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Branch LG, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Buring JE. Gross GJ, Lockwood SF. Adan Y, Shibata K, Sato M, Ikeda I, Imaizumi K. Effects of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid on lipid metabolism, eicosanoid production, platelet aggregation and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rats. those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). Marked oxidative stress, inflammation, and phagocytosis disruption were evident in differentiated RPE cells following their exposure to visible light under a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich environment. Vascular NAD(P)H oxidase activation in diabetes: A double-edged sword in redox signalling. Jackson H, Braun CL, Ernst H. The chemistry of novel xanthophyll carotenoids. progress in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific literature. paper provides an outlook on future directions of research or possible applications. Seven day oral supplementation with Cardax (disodium disuccinate astaxanthin) provides significant cardioprotection and reduces oxidative stress in rats. In particular, Cicero et al. This increased oxidative stress causes damage to the heart cells, with subsequent cell apoptosis or calcification. Park HJ, Lee MK, Park YB, Shin YC, Choi MS. Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Miyashita K. Dietary combination of fucoxanthin and fish oil attenuates the weight gain of white adipose tissue and decreases blood glucose in obese/diabetic KK-Ay mice. Rasmussen HH, Hamilton EJ, Liu CC, Figtree GA. Reversible oxidative modification: Implications for cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Further, knowledge around the bioavailability, metabolism, and signal transduction of marine carotenoids is essential to clarify their molecular mechanism and use them as nutraceuticals. Gao L, Mann GE. The recombinant crustacyanin of European lobster spontaneously formed an inclusion body when it was over-expressed in. Montanti J, Nghiem NP, Johnston DB. To facilitate fucoxanthin applications in the food industry, it is important to improve its low bioavailability. several techniques or approaches, or a comprehensive review paper with concise and precise updates on the latest Astaxanthin has great potential as a potent antioxidant to be tested in human clinical trials based on theoretical grounds related to its physicochemical properties and on the basis of exciting preliminary experimental studies in CV models. Except for the sham operation, BPH model rats were randomly assigned to five groups: the BPH model control rats, AST-treated BPH model rats (20 mg/kg, 40. Fucoxanthin is a marine carotenoid found in brown seaweeds and several microalgae. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. No special This compound occurs naturally in a wide variety of living organisms including microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp. Hosokawa M, Miyashita T, Nishikawa S, Emi S, Tsukui T, Beppu F, Okada T, Miyashita K. Fucoxanthin regulates adipocytokine mRNA expression in white adipose tissue of diabetic/obese KK-Ay mice. C Toxicol. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. This study investigates the inhibitory effect of astaxanthin (AST) on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats. You are accessing a machine-readable page. This survey showed that further studies are needed for the industrial development of new AST-containing cosmetics and topical formulations.

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