triadimefon fungicide mode of action

110.13 250.89 0.6 -0.6 re f [(conidial is)-6(olates)-6( were collected from each vineyard in 1995. 0.194 -1.836 TD 12 0 0 12 322.05 199.77 Tm 0.949 -1.114 TD 4.354 0 TD As noted above, such high concentrations are quite unlikely to occur in surface waters. /F5 1 Tf Q 143.49 281.25 55.56 -0.6 re 0.11 Tc [(\),)-7( pimaricin \(5 \265g\),)-7( and s)-7(odium ampicillin \(150 )-25(m)-23(g)-23(\))]TJ 141.57 308.61 424.08 -0.6 re 6.96 0 0 6.96 256.77 186.21 Tm Lipid peroxidation is initiated by seven fungicides and cell membrane permeability is disrupted by three others. 0 Tc T* /F5 1 Tf T* 0.231 Tw 0.123 Tw (+--)Tj 0 Tc T* -0.003 Tc Wheat yields in much of China are periodically undermined by explosive outbreaks of infections by Puccinia striiformis, the cause of a disease known as stripe rust. 8.04 0 0 8.04 44.97 272.01 Tm 8.04 0 0 8.04 44.97 23.73 Tm Pawan K. Gupta, in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology (Second Edition), 2017. [(70%)-7( )13(et)-5(hanol)-5( )13(for )13(10 mi)-5(n and t)-5(horoughl)-5(y ai)-5(r)24(-)-1(dri)-5(e)-4(d\) and t)-5(r)-1(ans)-8(f)-1(erred)]TJ T* /F7 1 Tf 0.107 Tc f 5.529 0.884 TD /F5 1 Tf T* Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. f d: a4D/}iZM~ ^!F~D(r`wE!?a*_*m,f=_""m2H)#h6%am0Y&d0Cc1JmQ%W0h7FEX?Tm2M0(f3c1pBL7FmFU!!,63hFDwB0|6hafDG&(AmFm]Fm"<3kp[&h:"aXD-`[lFaF7f3TeP(Y@EP+(_!heW8s#Q.]G_76h6h 6h6 YFc1F3aFmFGEmFmFmFmFfoO|qjSk0"QG`HDFmFcc1}JaFmFmFc1f3f3c1f3c1FF-T*;06h6h6hu),(f3mf3aFmFAemFmFmFmFOUUD-;00h6yo1mFmFmFc1vc1f3c1f3aFFH\;B?#h6h6EmFm!8a1f36mFYtmFmFmFmFmfCG_DD[3gR"_#U_ L a00@;B#c1f3f3ct4OlmFmFmFc6f;1f3c1f3c1a!h~kZqi.va!6h6.h6h _GFmFaF6h6h6h6h6h6&gg?mAQJ/60kD ?Dt~ t AG;0F1#yc1c1f3ij>mFmFmFmf3c1f3af;6J>Z;1X;B4FmAFmF/@_=OGFmFm#hFmQmFmFmFmCFC_7oUUSi _G;0A4Bc1f3cf3c1aFmFmFmFcc1f3c1f3fOMt/"N/h6h6EmFm}^ Ph6f1f36QtmFmFmFmFmQmSA8>Nw(9]?}ff3c1c1{0 } voS6h6h6h6jhmF3c1f3cc17!yc~>gf#h6h6dtmFmA{iv T* -0.004 Tc -0.01 Tc Char)10(donnay leaf)10( dis)6(k)-2(s)]TJ -0.003 Tc 0.991 w -0.003 Tc /F5 1 Tf T* 229.53 151.05 33.24 -0.6 re 383.61 268.17 0.6 -0.6 re -0.003 Tc ET 44.85 250.89 65.16 -0.6 re f 0 Tc 6.96 0 0 6.96 256.77 199.77 Tm 2.473 Tc /F6 1 Tf 140.85 308.61 0.6 -0.6 re 0 -1.114 TD 7.949 0 TD [(cant dif)14(f)1(erence in mean log ED)]TJ 4.119 0 TD [( val)-2(u)4(es)]TJ 0.082 Tw /F3 1 Tf f BT /F7 1 Tf /F7 1 Tf endstream [(provi)-4(ded are s)-7(how)-4(n i)-4(n)2( T)75(a)-3(bl)-4(e 1. 50.806 0 TD 8.04 0 0 8.04 404.49 284.97 Tm 28.481 47.886 TD 8.04 0 0 8.04 50.01 68.73 Tm T* xs -20.313 -1.119 TD -0.001 Tc It has been reported that triadimefon, a systemic fungicide with teratogenic effects in rodent models, produces craniofacial malformations in X. laevis by altering endogenous RA signaling [170]. 9.48 0 0 9.48 174.45 464.01 Tm f 475.41 268.17 29.52 -0.6 re -0.003 Tc [(Rate \()9(g)-3( a.i./ha\))-4185(L)3(eaf)-5723(Cluster)-5738(L)3(eaf)-5738(Cluster)-5738(L)3(eaf)-5723(Cluster)]TJ EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 /F6 1 Tf 0.067 Tw ( )Tj -0.01 Tc endstream w3TPI2P0T5T Rf /F7 1 Tf 0 Tw 0.007 Tw [( Throughout)-5( t)-5(h)1(e )-13(s)-8(t)-5(udy)65(,)-8( )]TJ 5.52 0 0 5.52 187.29 157.41 Tm 12 0 0 12 322.05 150.09 Tm 0 Tc /F6 1 Tf [(\(D)-4(i)-4(f)0(co )12(Laborat)-4(ori)-4(e)-3(s)-7(,)-7( )12(D)-4(e)-3(t)-4(r)0(oi)-4(t)-4(\))0( t)-4(o)2( ret)-4(a)-3(rd dehydrat)-4(i)-4(on,)-7( and i)-4(n)2(cubat)-4(e)-3(d)]TJ 0.219 Tw endobj [(i)-4(s)-7(ol)-4(at)-4(es)-7( )12(w)-4(e)-3(re )12(s)-7(e)-3(parat)-4(e)-3(d )12(by more t)-4(h)2(an t)-4(w)-4(o)2( orders)-7( of magni)-4(t)-4(ude\))]TJ The coupling of the carboxylic acid to a carrier protein (or enzyme) is achieved via mixed function anhydride, carbodiimide or NHS. )]TJ Such high concentrations are of concern, in part because they exceed a recently predicted no effect concentration of triadimefon, based on reproductive fitness of just one species each of fish, Daphnia, rotifer, ostracod, and plant, of 3.66g/L. 23 0 obj 0.006 Tw [(786 )-284(P)-22(H)-42(Y)22(T)-19(O)-46(P)22(A)-22(T)-49(H)-42(O)-46(L)-14(O)-16(GY)]TJ 445.05 186.69 29.52 -0.6 re /F5 1 Tf /F7 1 Tf /F5 1 Tf 507.69 281.25 55.56 -0.6 re Ros)7(e)2(tte pr)11(ovided by thr)11(ee dem)8(e)2(thylation inhibitor)11( f)11(ungicides)7( )-15(in )-15(a )-15(vineyar)11(d)-1( )-15(near)11( )-15(G)12(e)2(-)]TJ 6 0 0 6 534.21 631.77 Tm 384.33 186.69 29.52 -0.6 re 8.04 0 0 8.04 118.77 213.57 Tm f 371.85 114.69 64.44 -0.6 re [(CV)26( \()10(%)2(\))]TJ ( )Tj [( magnification. Phospholipid biosynthesis is blocked by four fungicides inhibiting the methyl transferase while isoprothiolane and five others disrupt cell wall deposition. 110.85 114.69 64.44 -0.6 re [(co)5(lo)5(n)5(i)-1(es fro)5(m)5( th)5(e Dr v)5(i)-1(n)5(e)0(y)5(a)0(rd)5( were co)5(llected)5( p)5(r)3(io)5(r to)5( th)5(e first)]TJ BT T* T* 8.04 0 0 8.04 328.05 118.53 Tm /F5 1 Tf 2.776 Tc 0.123 Tw 0.231 Tw 9.48 0 0 9.48 475.65 707.25 Tm 0.259 Tw endobj /F5 1 Tf [(moved )12(from an exi)-6(s)-9(t)-6(i)-6(ng col)-6(ony under a di)-6(s)-9(s)-9(ect)-6(i)-6(ng mi)-6(cros)-9(cope w)-5(i)-6(t)-6(h)]TJ cZ%(;0H6mFmFmVc6f3c1fc1@mF6x Y07f3c1f3c1f3c1f3c1yc1,6h6h6mFmFmFc1a"c1f3a#haJ]FmFmFmFm^GF/IUUUUWT#vaGfv#wD~aFmFm9mFmJaFmFmFmFmVmFmFmFmFm]FmFmF3c1v_1f3c1#h6hh6h6h6h6hNh6hc1f3c1c1f3c1FmFYtmFmFmFFmDFjz;#D66k(FBFAAAkDFmF YmFmFmFc1vc1f3c1f3ch6h7mFcc1f3c1f3c -0.047 Tw 0 Tc (n)Tj 3.14 -0.796 TD After a period of weeks of exposure, the concentrations of triadimefon in Xenopus tadpoles were roughly 1030 times higher than those in the water in which they were held. -0.13 Tc (U. (CI)Tj 0.209 Tw BT f 1 g [(1e)890(x)871(p)886([)-363(\()-1775(\))884(])]TJ <>stream [(co)5(rk)5( )13(b)5(o)5(r)3(er )13(fro)5(m)5( )13(im)5(m)5(a)0(tu)5(re, )13(su)5(rface-sterilized)5( \(5)5(0)5(%)-4( eth)5(a)0(n)5(o)5(l)-2( fo)5(r 3)5(0)5( s\))]TJ (q)Tj 0.093 Tw (CI)Tj 35.119 -1.836 TD -0.004 Tc ( )Tj /F7 1 Tf [(Rc)-2747(Lf)-2813(Cl)-2838(Lf)-2813(Cl)-2838(Lf)-2798(Cl)-2838(Lf)-2813(Cl)-2838(Lf)-2813(Cl)-2838(Lf)-2813(Cl)]TJ 0.107 Tc [(i)-4(a)-3(bl)-4(e t)-4(h)2(an repeat)-4(ed as)-7(s)-7(a)-3(ys)-7( of ot)-4(her pat)-4(hogens)-7( t)-4(h)2(at)-4( )-13(can )-13(be )-13(per-)]TJ T* -0.003 Tc 0 Tc BT 413.97 268.17 0.6 -0.6 re 0 Tw -22.278 -1.114 TD /F3 1 Tf 535.41 186.69 0.6 -0.6 re 0 Tc 436.41 114.69 0.6 -0.6 re 8.04 0 0 8.04 231.21 227.25 Tm (50)Tj The findings so far in areas exposed to agrochemicals are indicative of the importance of the tests used for early detection of an increased risk of developing various diseases such as cancers, reproductive problems, and birth defects. mFmF3hc1f3 T]#h6h6h6h66)+9;_/UW00G"a!_\7c1f3f3c0Gx&6m)mfmFmFmFhc1f3c1f3c0W^E;1B>q h6h6mFm @:6h6c1f3c f36h6h6hS5q(@UUh5VE"HF!\0AaC{f3c1yc1f>aFmYmFmFmYc6c1f3c1cB/6^mFmF@:6h6yGFmFmf3c1a"c0h6h6h60xG_9"5p[F#D@b!wDW|c1f31f3f1#k6h6k6h6hc1f3c1dvGdtG [(below)11( a s)6(i)-1(m)7(ilar)10( im)7(m)7(a)1(tur)10(e)1( leaf)10(. 0 Tc /F7 1 Tf xs -0.002 Tw f [(with DMIs)-6(. /F7 1 Tf 0.043 Tw This approach was used by Abad and Montoya [38] to prepare a carbaryl hapten, as illustrated in Figure6. [(under )13(anot)-4(her )13(di)-4(s)-7(s)-7(ect)-4(i)-4(ng )13(mi)-4(cros)-7(cope )13(t)-4(o)2( a fres)-7(h)2( l)-4(eaf di)-4(s)-7(k)2(. 0.059 Tw )-4(0)5(5)5(%)-3( T)78(w)-1(een)5( 2)5(0)5( \(Sig)5(m)5(a)0(\). 0.284 0 TD 5.595 0 TD /F6 1 Tf )]TJ [( cate-)]TJ -0.949 -1.114 TD [(t)-5(i)-5(v)1(i)-5(t)-5(y)1( )13(from )13(t)-5(r)-1(i)-5(a)-4(di)-5(mefon )13(coul)-5(d )13(confound t)-5(h)1(e res)-8(u)1(l)-5(t)-5(s)-8( of t)-5(h)1(e as)-8(s)-8(a)-4(y. 0.123 Tw xS**T0T0 BiU" /F5 1 Tf [(as)25(say)]TJ -0.002 Tw T* 4.474 0 0 4.474 50.25 315.33 Tm 0.11 Tc 25.608 0 TD 8.009 0 0 8.009 110.25 385.41 Tm 151.65 726.21 m -0.002 Tc [(\(Min)5(itab)5(\))3(. /F5 1 Tf [(U. n)8(eca)8(to)8(r )]TJ T* [(w)-5(h)1(en di)-5(s)-8(c)-4(ret)-5(e)-4( hyphae coul)-5(d not)-5( be i)-5(d)1(ent)-5(i)-5(f)-1(i)-5(e)-4(d,)-8( us)-8(i)-5(ng an ocul)-5(ar )-12(mi)-5(-)]TJ 0.222 Tw 371.85 209.73 64.44 -0.6 re [(9)2776(9)254(9)2776(7)0(9)2776(4)0(9)2776(6)254(1)2776(0)2776(0)231(\205)15(\205\205\205\205\205\205\205)]TJ T* )-8( It)-5( w)-5(a)-4(s)-8( us)-8(ed i)-5(n)1( )-13(l)-5(i)-5(e)-4(u )-13(of )-13(t)-5(r)-1(i)-5(a)-4(di)-5(mefon )-13(due)]TJ T* T* [(P)9(a)1(r)10(e)1(nthetical values f)10(o)-2(r)10( the unspr)10(ayed tr)10(eatm)7(e)1(nt r)10(e)1(f)10(e)1(r)10( to the m)7(ean per)10(centage of)10( tissue ar)10(ea inf)10(ected on check vines. 0.006 Tc 5.04 0 0 5.04 517.77 199.77 Tm [(tance, )15(individual isolates w)11(e)1(r)10(e)1( classif)10(i)-1(ed as r)10(e)1(sistant to tr)10(iadim)7(e)1(nol,)-14( )-15(m)-8(y)-17(c)-14(l)]TJ 8.04 0 0 8.04 392.85 127.53 Tm )-9(01 \265g/)-6(ml)]TJ -0.13 Tc A recent report from a research group in China called triadimefon the most widely used fungicide. A broad-based report on current triadimefon usage there, stated that usage was increasing annually, and that surface waters contained the fungicide from non-detectable levels to 5.22g/L. 8.04 0 0 8.04 50.01 41.73 Tm 0.557 0 TD 0 Tw Online stacking procedure carried out on injection acts as a preconcentration step and together with SPE for sample preparation shifts the detection limits to the low gl1 range, even on use of the classical on-column diode array detection. 178.05 237.21 386.4 -0.6 re (\327)Tj (s)Tj -5.91 -1.119 TD 0.121 Tw 315.81 736.77 250.44 -555.84 re 308.49 223.53 125.4 -0.6 re [(were )12(calcu)5(lated)5( as th)5(e m)5(easu)5(r)3(e o)5(f)3( DMI sen)5(s)-4(itiv)5(ity)5( b)5(ecau)5(se th)5(ey)]TJ T* T* Q [( =)-11( 0. 0.005 Tc )]TJ 1.232 Tc 15.925 0 TD -0.004 Tc [(56)-2522(56)-2776(73)-2776(72)]TJ -13.658 -1.114 TD /F5 1 Tf 0.044 Tw [(co)5(n)5(t)-1(ain)5(i)-1(n)5(g)5( ~7)5( m)5(l)-1( o)5(f)3( 1)5(. 8.04 0 0 8.04 197.61 150.09 Tm [( rep)6(r)4(esen)6(ts th)6(e lo)6(wer)]TJ 9.48 0 0 9.48 81.93 359.61 Tm )]TJ Triadimefon is relatively soluble and persistent in water. 9.48 0 0 9.48 44.97 749.49 Tm [(Triadimefon)-3568(105)-3246(31)]TJ 0.29 Tc Triadimefon is a fungicide used in agriculture to control various fungal diseases. /F3 1 Tf @ -0.009 Tc [( iso)6(l)0(ates were cu)6(ltu)6(red)6( o)6(n)6( 9)6(-)4(m)6(m)6(-)4(d)6(i)0(am)6(eter leaf )-12(d)6(i)0(sk)6(s )-12(cu)6(t )-12(with)6( )-12(a)]TJ 5.52 0 0 5.52 239.13 287.49 Tm T* [(dew)-5( )13(i)-6(n)1( )13(t)-6(h)1(e U)-5(n)1(i)-6(t)-6(e)-4(d S)-6(t)-6(a)-4(t)-6(e)-4(s)-9(. )-10( 8,)-10( 1997 )-59( )-343(787)]TJ Widespread reductions in the applications of triadimefon in environments relied upon by amphibians might help protect their health and long-term survival in the wild. T* The whole-body concentrations of the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), in X. laevis tadpoles were reduced on days 7 and 14 of exposure to triadimefon at an aquatic concentration of 1.12mg/L. )]TJ (n)Tj (t)Tj /F7 1 Tf 0.123 Tw 1.776 0 TD 0.095 Tw 6.96 0 0 6.96 256.77 127.53 Tm 141.57 186.69 29.52 -0.6 re (A)Tj 0.006 Tc (8)Tj [(t)-4(i)-4(on )13(w)-4(e)-3(re )13(cal)-4(cul)-4(a)-3(t)-4(e)-3(d )13(for )13(t)-4(h)2(e res)-7(p)2(ect)-4(i)-4(v)2(e pool)-4(ed dat)-4(a)-3( from i)-4(mmat)-4(u)2(re)]TJ )-12(Fo)5(r )-12(each)]TJ [(Cultur)14(e o)6(f)]TJ f /F7 1 Tf 8.04 0 0 8.04 169.05 50.73 Tm 0.123 Tw (s)Tj 0 Tw 6 0 0 6 90.57 315.81 Tm 13.266 0 TD Developmental toxicity indicates increased ovary and testes weights, increased supernumerary lumbar ribs with triadimenol, and increased scapula malformations at maternal toxic doses in rabbits after triadimefon administration. 204.21 281.25 55.56 -0.6 re T* China has experienced more severe impacts from stripe rust in its wheat than any other country in the world. /F7 1 Tf Outbreaks occur in years when the weather favors the fungal pathogen, and they have reduced China's annual wheat yield by as much as 6million metric tons. 0 Tc /F6 1 Tf ET [(\(Gen)6(stat, Lawes Ag)6(ricu)6(ltu)6(ral T)41(r)4(u)6(s)-3(t, Hertfo)6(rd)6(sh)6(ire, En)6(g)6(l)0(an)6(d)6(\))4(, u)6(s)-3(in)6(g)]TJ [(th)6(e leav)6(es u)6(s)-3(ed)6( in)6( sen)6(s)-3(itiv)6(ity)6( assay)6(s. Prev)6(io)6(u)6(s)-3( tech)6(n)6(i)0(q)6(u)6(e)1(s )-13(fo)6(r )-13(d)6(e)1(-)]TJ 5.04 0 0 5.04 517.77 163.65 Tm /F7 1 Tf 0.129 Tc [(experimental plots, each of which has received )-13(no )-13(treatment)]TJ 8.04 0 0 8.04 328.05 150.09 Tm 3.663 Tc endstream 292.65 186.69 0.6 -0.6 re Pandora, Demetra, F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (, A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database), E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source), US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment, (Also known as: triadimefone; triadimenol metabolite M01), A common fungicide used to control fungal infections in many crops. The hydroxyl group can react with phosgene to form chlorocarbonate, which can react directly with an amino group of protein. 8.009 0 0 8.009 120.81 385.41 Tm 195.57 176.49 101.16 -0.6 re 8.04 0 0 8.04 383.97 104.73 Tm x+ | [(ments)-6( each year)52(. T* 0.007 Tw <>stream f /F5 1 Tf ET )]TJ (necator)Tj /F7 1 Tf [(-ra)-9(t)-11(i)-11(o)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 5.04 0 0 5.04 517.77 186.21 Tm [(p)5(r)3(ep)5(aratio)5(n)5( o)5(f)3( leaf-d)5(isk)5( su)5(b)5(s)-4(trates, th)5(eir in)5(o)5(c)0(u)5(l)-1(atio)5(n)5( )-13(with)5( )-13(sin)5(g)5(l)-1(e)]TJ 0.107 Tw More concerning regarding potential triadimefon toxicity in frogs are changes in thyroid function. 8.04 0 0 8.04 392.85 150.09 Tm 44.85 186.69 4.92 -0.6 re -25.608 -1.114 TD -0.003 Tc 0 Tc 1.759 0 TD xs ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 322.05 163.65 Tm 0 Tc /F6 1 Tf 0.087 Tw 8.04 0 0 8.04 464.61 284.97 Tm /F5 1 Tf 0.011 Tc /F7 1 Tf 0 Tc /F7 1 Tf (k)Tj T* 0.057 Tw 0.949 -1.114 TD 0.284 0 TD 0.107 Tc 0.014 Tw /F6 1 Tf /F5 1 Tf [(gor)9(ies ar)9(e )]TJ 9.48 0 0 9.48 486.81 633.33 Tm (\352)Tj 0.146 Tw 8.04 0 0 8.04 392.85 141.09 Tm Perturbations of fatty acid, steroid, and xenobiotic metabolism pathways in liver through specific nuclear signaling pathways (constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR)) have been suggested to contribute to the observed reproductive and hepatic toxicities. 8.04 0 0 8.04 44.97 264.69 Tm 44.85 151.05 41.88 -0.6 re 0.017 Tw -0.001 Tc [( D)11(a)1(ta excer)10(pted f)10(r)10(o)-3(m)7( P)9(ear)10(son and)]TJ /F7 1 Tf /F6 1 Tf T* 0.082 Tw [(m)8(e)2(f)11(on\))11(, )15(m)8(y)-1(clobutanil, and f)11(e)2(nar)11(i)0(m)8(o)-1(l am)8(ong com)8(pos)7(ite populations)7( of)11( )]TJ 0.129 Tc /F5 1 Tf [(w)-4(e)-3(re )12(col)-4(l)-4(ect)-4(ed from uns)-7(prayed check pl)-4(ot)-4(s)-7( by s)-7(a)-3(mpl)-4(i)-4(ng \(i)-4(\) 1 t)-4(o)2( 3)]TJ Moser, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), 2014. 0.102 Tw 28 0 obj 8.04 0 0 8.04 283.77 284.97 Tm @ Values for LC50 following a 4h exposure were similar in rats and mice (0.48mg l1). (x)Tj 0.007 Tw 0.008 Tw (1)Tj 12 0 0 12 322.05 118.53 Tm T* <>stream <>stream 0.07 Tw 0.009 Tw 0.147 Tw )-7( )-13(Each )-13(col)-4(ony )-13(i)-4(n)2( )-13(t)-4(h)2(e)]TJ 0.007 Tc 0.107 Tc endstream )-3( All iso)6(l)0(ates )-13(were)]TJ 11.506 0 TD 0.005 Tc f -0.004 Tc 0.335 Tw 0.11 Tc 5.52 0 0 5.52 508.77 229.77 Tm 0.006 Tc 44.299 0 TD BT 0 Tc 5.52 0 0 5.52 112.29 157.41 Tm D)12(a)2(ta excer)11(pted f)11(r)11(o)-1(m)8( P)10(ear)11(s)7(on and Riegel \()11(27\))11(. xs xs 8.04 0 0 8.04 197.61 199.77 Tm 8.04 0 0 8.04 44.97 244.65 Tm /F5 1 Tf 0.032 Tw 0.104 Tw The fungal sterol is ergosterol versus the mammalian cholesterol with critical differences in their biosynthetic pathways that allow selective inhibition. 14.633 0 TD -0.004 Tc 0.008 Tw /F6 1 Tf [(adding )12(0. !\!Y\ !p 4.43 0 TD E)6(D)]TJ 0.072 Tw -5.367 -2.063 TD /F7 1 Tf ET 0.006 Tc 0 -1.119 TD )-6( Data for each )-13(fungicide )-13(concen-)]TJ -0.001 Tc /F7 1 Tf 0.057 Tw f T* 0.133 Tw 0.029 Tw /F7 1 Tf (C)Tj (\327)Tj ( )Tj (s)Tj An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. * (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14. 8.04 0 0 8.04 472.05 23.73 Tm 0.107 Tw -0.003 Tc [(\(al)-4(l)-4( amendment)-4(s)-7( from S)-5(i)-4(gma C)-8(h)2(emi)-4(cal)-4( C)-8(o)2(. 0.02 Tw 263.61 151.05 33.12 -0.6 re 6.96 0 0 6.96 256.77 141.09 Tm 8.04 0 0 8.04 472.05 23.73 Tm /F5 1 Tf [(V)51(o)-15(l)-6(. The reaction scheme of a triadimefon hapten [72]. 29.791 0 TD 5.52 0 0 5.52 44.97 107.25 Tm 0 Tc -0.017 Tc f T* 8.04 0 0 8.04 50.01 113.73 Tm /F5 1 Tf Acrobat Distiller 3.0 for Windows; modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT xs -0.005 Tc [(a 12-h dark regi)-4(me at)-4( 24 and 22)]TJ 0 Tc There is little notable difference in the biological activities of the different enantiomeric forms, CC(C)(C)C(=O)C(N1C=NC=N1)OC2=CC=C(C=C2)Cl, International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey), International Chemical Identifier (InChI), InChI=1S/C14H16ClN3O2/c1-14(2,3)12(19)13(18-9-16-8-17-18)20-11-6-4-10(15)5-7-11/h4-9,13H,1-3H3, Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams. 0 Tw ( )Tj -0.003 Tc 8.04 0 0 8.04 50.01 104.73 Tm 4.557 0 TD 0.029 Tw [( )14(D)12(i)0(s)7(t)0(r)11(i)0(butions)7( )14(of)11( )14(s)7(e)2(ns)7(itivities)7( )14(to tr)11(iadim)8(e)2(nol \()11(t)0(he active f)11(o)-1(r)11(m)8( of)11( tr)11(iadi-)]TJ 5.52 0 0 5.52 269.73 169.05 Tm w3TPI2P0T5T Rf 0.046 Tw [(actual \()11(a)2(ntilog\))11( E)5(D)]TJ endobj [(l)-4(a)-3(t)-4(e)-3(d )13(l)-4(eaf )13(di)-4(s)-7(k)2(s)-7( )13(w)-4(e)-3(re i)-4(n)2(cubat)-4(e)-3(d i)-4(n)2( a grow)-4(t)-4(h)2( chamber \(model)-4( I-)]TJ 7.987 0 0 7.987 182.25 717.93 Tm 0.028 Tw T* 8.04 0 0 8.04 50.01 59.73 Tm T* -50.239 -1.119 TD endstream 0 Tw 0.129 Tc 0.133 Tw [(\(9,)-8(10,)-8(18,)-8(39\22641\) have addres)-8(s)-8(e)-4(d s)-8(ome,)-8( but)-5( not)-5( al)-5(l)-5(,)-8( of t)-5(h)1(e )-13(above)]TJ %PDF-1.3 0.146 Tw [(appl)-5(i)-5(cat)-5(i)-5(ons)-8( )13(of t)-5(r)-1(i)-5(a)-4(di)-5(mefon had been us)-8(ed t)-5(o)1( cont)-5(rol)-5( pow)-5(dery)]TJ f 8.04 0 0 8.04 50.01 77.73 Tm 0.007 Tw [(menol)-5( i)-5(s)-8( t)-5(h)1(e act)-5(i)-5(v)1(e form of t)-5(r)-1(i)-5(a)-4(di)-5(mefon )-13(produced )-13(i)-5(n)1( )-13(vi)-5(vo )-13(by )-13(pl)-5(ant)]TJ 156.81 151.05 0.6 -0.6 re [( U. neca)6(to)6(r)]TJ [(powdery )12(mildew )12(with )12(triadimefon )12(was)-6( firs)-6(t noted in 1989. 0.059 Tw 6 0 obj 6.248 0.884 TD 25 0 obj -0.004 Tc 98.85 268.17 0.6 -0.6 re /F5 1 Tf 0.11 Tw /F7 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 168.45 462.45 Tm f q 0.103 Tw (\353)Tj -0.13 Tc 0.054 Tw Any substance used in acriculture, horticulture, forestry, etc. -59.433 -1.687 TD 0 Tc 0.218 Tw (s)Tj -0.001 Tw 29.493 0 TD 7.633 0 TD 5.52 0 0 5.52 44.97 98.25 Tm <>stream )-4(5)5(%)-3( water ag)5(ar am)5(en)5(d)5(e)0(d)5( )-12(\(p)5(er )-12(liter\) )-12(with)]TJ T* 0.135 Tw ET 0.084 Tw [(fungicide,)-6( the s)-6(e)-2(ns)-6(itivity dis)-6(t)-3(ributions)-6( from the two unexpos)-6(ed )]TJ /F6 1 Tf -11.912 0.914 TD T* -0.001 Tc (1)Tj 323.01 186.69 0.6 -0.6 re 0 Tc [(in)5( th)5(e field)5( o)5(r)3( after tran)5(sp)5(o)5(r)3(t to)5( th)5(e lab)5(o)5(r)3(ato)5(r)3(y)69(,)-4( )-12(tran)5(sferred)5( )-12(im)5(m)5(e)0(-)]TJ /F5 1 Tf f -0.003 Tc 0.671 0 TD [(\))11( values)7( f)11(o)-1(r)11( individual )-15(is)7(o-)]TJ This service is an Elixir Core Data Resource. /F6 1 Tf -0.003 Tc T* 8.04 0 0 8.04 137.97 154.89 Tm 0.07 Tw 0.949 -1.114 TD T* T* -0.949 -1.114 TD Online coupling of MEKC with ESI-MS was recently found as achievable using partial filling (PF) or reverse migrating micelles (RMM) techniques. [( interspecific hy-)]TJ 6.089 0 TD 24.823 0 TD f 0.02 Tc f 0 Tc 0.129 Tc 87.57 176.49 107.16 -0.6 re [(b)5(y)5( )12(th)5(e )12(tech)5(n)5(i)-1(q)5(u)5(e)0(. f T* [(8 days)-7( i)-4(n)2( a grow)-4(t)-4(h)2( chamber)51(. -0.003 Tc 22 0 obj ( )Tj 0.159 Tw 323.01 268.17 0.6 -0.6 re 0.235 Tw 13.608 0 TD w3TPI2P0T5T0 -Br44C@" ) s application/pdf [(I)10(m)7(m)7(a)1(tur)10(e)1( leaves w)11(e)1(r)10(e)1( ~)9(5)-2( to 6 cm)7( acr)10(oss and br)10(ight, tr)10(anslucent gr)10(een. 55.328 0 TD -10.532 -1.114 TD (50)Tj w3TPI2P0T5T0 -Br44C@" ) s endobj T* [( af)11(ter)11( inoculation)]TJ /F5 1 Tf -0.002 Tw /F7 1 Tf 0.274 Tw /F5 1 Tf -29.045 -1.119 TD 6 0 0 6 480.81 631.77 Tm )-8( A)46( s)-8(t)-5(andard formul)-5(a w)-5(a)-4(s)-8( us)-8(ed)]TJ It is located >)-9(2)3( km from the nearest vineyard treated)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 3.835 0 TD ET 0.608 0 TD 0.067 Tw Q [(is)-23(o)7(l)]TJ )]TJ T* )]TJ [( )15(\()11(i)0(\))11( )15(w)12(ith no his)7(t)0(or)11(y of)11( dem)8(e)2(thylation inhibitor)11( f)11(ungicide expo-)]TJ (x)Tj -50.687 -1.119 TD -0.004 Tc 0 Tw 8.04 0 0 8.04 478.41 131.73 Tm f BT 0.121 Tw [(0.00 )123(c)-2929( )-254( )]TJ N. Alice Lee, Ivan R. Kennedy, in Food Toxicants Analysis, 2007. f [(\(48\))-1856(\(45\))-1991(\(6.4\))-1979(\(50\))-1991(\(2.9\))-1979(\(44\))-2095(\(50\))-2110(\(77\))-1991(\(3.4\))-1979(\(90\))-2110(\(37\))-2110(\(76\))-2110(\(31\))]TJ -0.012 Tc -0.001 Tc 3.567 Tc /F7 1 Tf -15.519 -1.114 TD 0.059 Tw xs /F4 1 Tf T* Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. 0.011 Tc /F5 1 Tf [(tween two petri dishes, and each disk was inoculated )-12(in )-12(its )-12(center)]TJ endobj The conazole class of fungicides includes cyproconazole, diniconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, propiconazole, imazalil, etc. [(3)-6261(5.9)-2854(1.04)-3414(6)-3604(3.5)-2720(0.75)]TJ 33 0 obj Since mechanisms of development are highly conserved in evolution among vertebrates [174], we would like to stress that they could be useful as very sensitive biosensors to detect undesirable effects of new molecules. 0.168 Tw 0.207 Tw 0.085 Tw L)4(og 50% ef)25(f)10(ective dos)6(e \()10(E)4(D)]TJ T* 89.49 162.81 102.84 -0.6 re Carbonyldiimidazole has also been used to link the hydroxyl group of hapten to protein. 8.04 0 0 8.04 50.01 176.73 Tm 9.48 0 0 9.48 44.97 359.61 Tm 0.083 Tw 7.954 0 0 7.954 69.93 359.49 Tm f 0 Tc Other fungicides used to control stripe rust are the structurally related compounds: diniconazole, propiconazole, and tebuconazole. (y)Tj (\243)Tj 0.046 Tw 121.89 151.05 0.6 -0.6 re (s)Tj [(ta excer)10(pted f)10(r)10(o)-2(m)8( P)10(ear)10(son and Riegel \()10(26\))11(. /F6 1 Tf /F7 1 Tf 8.04 0 0 8.04 522.81 163.65 Tm [(V)79(itis)]TJ 176.13 250.89 390.6 -0.6 re q 353.25 186.69 0.6 -0.6 re f f T* 0 Tc Spray drift is another source of exposure of non-target sites. 0.032 Tw /F5 1 Tf ET Gf3c1f3o1#iL#hO04&:iu;0gf"4"?AshFm)mFmFmFmFmYmFmFmFmFYtmFmFmFm1f3aFmFmFmFmFmFmFmg8Ok_U_TmSG%(;0#FDGFmJVUc1Ff3c1f3c1f3c1f3c1yc1#haFmFmmFmFmFc1Ec1f3mFmJ]@ueX%(;0gi"? AEXDsh6hS6h6h6h6hh6h6h6h6h 6h6h6mF3af3aFmFmVmFmFmFmFm)~_.UUWd+;0gi#IW[6h7fYVGYxc1f3c1f3c1f3c1f3cf3c0ymFmF Ph6h6h1F3f3c1f3c0]@oomhdvaGfv{ vaF*#66h6h6h6h66h6h6h6h,6h6h6h6h6c1f3c1FmFfmFmFmFmF"F)0f3#D\j~,#;1~pFmF,3Uyaf3c1f3)|c1f3c1f3aFmFmFmF YFmFmFmFmc1fmFmFgb:02""5, h66h6*Y=eA)eYVUeYP{*UeYVUeYVUeA(r**eYP{*xx9Cw4 D)11(i)-1(f)25(f)10(er)10(ent letter)10(s)6( in a colum)7(n)-2( r)10(e)1(pr)10(esent signif)10(i)-1(cant dif)25(f)10(er)10(ences \()]TJ [(t)9(r)13(a)10(t)9(i)9(o)15(n)15(s)6( )13(for each of the three )13(D)9(M)12(I)13( )13(fungicides)-7(. [(0.01 )123(c)-2929( )-254( )]TJ 0.02 Tw 0.173 Tw T* 353.25 268.17 0.6 -0.6 re -22.241 -1.114 TD 0 Tw 536.13 268.17 29.52 -0.6 re -0.001 Tc 0 Tw [( V)79(itis)6( vinifer)6(a)]TJ 0 Tc Any compound that inhibits one or more steps in the pathway leading to the synthesis of ergosterol. 8.567 0 TD [(m)5(e)0(n)5(t)-1( were tran)5(sferred)5( to)5( p)5(l)-1(astic )-13(p)5(e)0(tri )-13(d)5(i)-1(sh)5(es )-13(co)5(n)5(t)-1(ain)5(i)-1(n)5(g)5( )-13(an)5(tib)5(io)5(tic-)]TJ xS**T0T0 Bih]" W -26.253 -1.114 TD -0.005 Tc <>stream -0.004 Tc 0 -0.944 TD 0 Tc /F7 1 Tf -0.002 Tc -0.004 Tc 8.04 0 0 8.04 50.01 86.73 Tm D)12(a)2(ta excer)11(pted f)11(r)11(o)-1(m)8( P)10(ear)11(s)7(on and Riegel \()11(29\))11(. 0.16 Tw [(relative humidity with a 12-h light regime \(Phillips)-6( [Somers)-6(et,)-6( )-13(NJ)-6(])]TJ 0.507 0 TD [( popul)-4(at)-4(i)-4(ons)-7( w)-4(e)-3(re t)-4(e)-3(s)-7(t)-4(ed for homogenei)-4(t)-4(y)2( of vari)-4(ance by)]TJ T* /F9 1 Tf /F7 1 Tf T* -0.13 Tc <>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 52>>stream /F7 1 Tf 8.04 0 0 8.04 197.61 186.21 Tm T* T* (1989)Tj 0.147 Tw (obu-)Tj 0.123 Tw endobj @ [(30B)-8(L,)-7( )12(P)-5(e)-3(rci)-4(v)2(al)-4( )12(S)-5(c)-3(i)-4(e)-3(nt)-4(i)-4(f)0(i)-4(c)-3(,)-7( B)-8(oone,)-7( IA)-4(\) t)-4(h)2(at)-4( w)-4(a)-3(s)-7( mai)-4(n)2(t)-4(a)-3(i)-4(n)2(ed at)-4( 50%)]TJ /F6 1 Tf BT /F5 1 Tf /F5 1 Tf 0.069 Tw [(F)10(u)-1(lly )15(expanded )15(leaves)7( )15(w)12(e)2(r)11(e)2( )15(~)10(12 cm)8( acr)11(os)7(s)7(,)2( dar)11(k)-1( gr)11(een, and f)11(i)0(ve nodes)]TJ BT Four antibiotic fungicides such as streptomycin block protein synthesis. 3.139 0 TD -0.004 Tc f f @ /F6 1 Tf ET /F6 1 Tf 0.123 Tw [(w)-4(a)-3(s)-7( 33 t)-4(o)2( 86%)-6( great)-4(er \(s)-7(i)-4(gni)-4(fi)-4(cant)-4( at)-4( )]TJ [(and )13(i)-4(t)-4(s)-7( )13(grow)-4(t)-4(h)2( )13(res)-7(ponds)-7( )13(i)-4(n)2( )13(a vari)-4(et)-4(y of w)-4(a)-3(ys)-7( t)-4(o)2( t)-4(h)2(e s)-7(ubs)-7(t)-4(r)0(at)-4(e\222)51(s)]TJ 0.194 Tw _1FmF_wZ!h;1G`Hk;E"#h6FmFmYmFmJaFmFmFmFmVmFmFmFmFm]FmFmFmFmY|c1f3c1f3m)mFmFmFmFmYmFmF6f3c1c1f3c1f3aAFmYmYm_G)Hsr&Z%(;1"A6s$"mFyFmFmFmFmVmf3hc1f3c1c1f3Y1f3c1f3c1f3c1f3c1f3cf3c1fFo1FmFmFm~mFhc1f3c1f06h6kuJQvc;IG`Hk;D)F6hFmFmYmFmJaFmFmFmFmVmFmFmFmFm#h6h6h6h6k/Fc1f3c1fc1c1f3c1f3 6h6kk^?>#9:Dr!hA!!!!!

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