significant other kenya dressblack face mask with white inside

Wang Z., An C., Chen X., Lee K., Zhang B., Feng Q. Chellamani, Veerasubramanian and Vignesh Balaji (2013). WWF International In the Disposal of Masks and Gloves, Responsibility is Required. Several countries are now implementing measures to curb prices and protect consumers. Looking ahead, it would be excessively costly for each country to develop production capacity matching the demand observed during the crisis and encompassing the whole value chain. Khn S., Bravo Rebolledo E.L., van Franeker J.A. Silva A.L.P., Prata J.C., Walker T.R., Duarte A.C., Ouyang W., Barcel D., Rocha-Santos T. Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and recommendations. Occurrence of personal protective equipment (PPE) associated with the COVID-19 pandemic along the coast of Lima, Peru. Wang et al. One hundred and three companies were involved in stepping up production so that mask manufacturers would not face a shortage for their key input.15, Providing face masks to healthcare workers and COVID-19 patients all over the world already brings global demand to a level above pre-crisis production capacity. Marine debris ingestion by Magellanic penguins. Lower demand in the absence of pandemic would not make the activity profitable and overcapacity would disrupt the world market for masks and trigger protectionist policies. Martnez Silva P., Nanny M.A. Tariffs or export licenses can delay trade, in addition to increasing prices. As masks are sterile, they need to be properly packaged when transported. Moreover, it is vital to scale up innovation and technology to substitute current disposable masks (petrochemical-based) with bio-based and eco-friendly (potentially biodegradable) alternatives. Microplastic fibres are already a reality in some environments, with high dominance over other shapes in aquatic environments and in concerning levels (as reviewed by Rebelein et al., 2021). Chua M.H., Cheng W., Goh S.S., Kong J., Li B., Lim J.Y.C., Mao L., Wang S., Xue K., Yang L., Ye E., Zhang K., Cheong W.C.D., Tan B.H., Li Z., Tan B.H., Loh X.J. The main producer of masks in France, Kolmi-Hopen, is also an affiliate of Medicom (Canada). Stocks can also be built at the country level, through national strategies, but a globally co-ordinated approach could also ensure that all countries are prepared and create solidarity mechanisms that would further mitigate risks. Even when considering improper disposal of just 1% of disposable face masks by the world population, it would release to the environment ~10 million face masks (30,00040,000 kg) (WWF International, 2020). The presence of both plastic fragments and chemicals contaminants from disposable face masks in natural environments is, therefore, expected, with the potential for causing ecotoxicological effects on wildlife at different levels of biological organisation (from cell to communities). Lavers J.L., Sharp P.B., Stuckenbrock S., Bond A.L. Some countries have created new production capacity and supply is expected to continue to increase as governments encourage firms to shift production and companies see new business opportunities. : conceptualisation, supervision, writing - review and editing. Okuku E., Kiteresi L., Owato G., Otieno K., Mwalugha C., Mbuche M., Gwada B., Nelson A., Chepkemboi P., Achieng Q., Wanjeri V., Ndwiga J., Mulupi L., Omire J. (2021) evaluated the emission of micro- and nano-plastics from 7 disposable face masks brands in aquatic compartments and hazardous contaminants leachates analysis. Surgical masks do not offer full protection against the coronavirus but are recommended for health workers, particularly when both the patient and the worker wear one. 50(3), pp. Feeding in urban refuse dumps: ingestion of plastic objects by the white stork (. Similarly, species that feed on landfills may be particularly exposed to disposable masks disposed of by the public, as these are disposed of as municipal solid wastes. Different layers of non-woven fabric and textile are then assembled through ultrasonic welding. Interactions with COVID-19 litter, particularly masks (and, to a lesser extent, latex gloves and disposable wipes), have been reported by academics, ordinary citizens, and wildlife stakeholders, for several aquatic and terrestrial species (Hiemstra et al., 2021). one thousandth of the diameter of a human hair). Unilateral actions raise uncertainty and costs. The ingestion of microfibres (although at concentrations relatively higher than the ones encountered in the field) is often related to behavioural alterations (e.g., burrowing activity of the annelids; or sink activity of crustaceans), decreased feeding activity (as observed in bivalves and crabs), reduced growth/body mass (particularly in crustaceans), increased deformities/damages (as in fish), reduced reproductive output and embryonic development (as for crabs), induced inflammatory processes (in anemone), oxidative stress (in annelids and shredders) (Kutralam-Muniasamy et al., 2020) (Table 1). There are no official statistics sufficiently disaggregated to provide information on the output of masks. This paper provides a critical review of COVID-19 face mask occurrence in diverse environments and their adverse physiological and ecotoxicological effects on wildlife. Estimating marine plastic pollution from COVID-19 face masks in coastal regions. Conversely, synergistic effects call for urgent mitigation measures, particularly when they occur at low intensities of each stressor (i.e., above the legal levels). FOIA Anatopoulos and Anastopoulos and Pashalidis (2021) also underline the role of microplastics released from disposable face masks as dye carriers. Sullivan et al. Au S.Y., Bruce T.F., Bridges W.C., Klaine S.J. However, intense use and mismanagement of COVID-19 waste are imposing a severe environmental challenge. Therefore, they may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of littered face masks. In Saigon river, Vietnam, synthetic microfibres concentration achieved up to 519,000 items/m3 (Lahens et al., 2018). Jeong C.-B., Kang H.-M., Lee M.-C., Kim D.-H., Han J., Hwang D.-S., Souissi S., Lee S.-J., Shin K.-H., Park H.G., Lee J.-S. Selvaranjan K., Navaratnam S., Rajeev P., Ravintherakumaran N. Environmental challenges induced by extensive use of face masks during COVID-19: a review and potential solutions. For this reason, it has been more difficult to increase supply during the crisis, or to find companies that can switch to this production within a reasonable time and without massive investment. 45005000 items (~254.7246 items/day), 5.364.92% representing face masks. To address domestic shortages of masks, many countries have put in place restrictions on exports or equivalent measures such as the compulsory purchase by governments of all available stocks. %PDF-1.6 % World Health Organization, Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030, Geneva. Assuming that only around one third of healthcare workers need a mask (accounting for the fact that not all countries are affected at the same time, and not all health workers are in contact with COVID-19 patients), and that each health worker uses on average two masks per day, global demand for surgical masks would be around 28million per day. Most of the potential new manufacturers are currently held back by the shortage in PP non-woven fabric.10. Emandian M.S., Onay T.T., Bemirel B. Biodegradation of bioplastics in natural environments. Surgical masks are basic products and are relatively cheap (when they are not in short supply).6 However, their production involves several types of inputs and the assembly of different parts in a relatively sophisticated process.7 The filtering property of masks is a function of a multi-layered structure made of non-woven fabric. Figures in this section are estimates based on press articles and the information released by the Chinese government. Recent publications reported the abundance of COVID-19-related litter in several environments, wildlife interaction with such items, and the contaminants that can be released from such protective equipment that has the potential to induce ecotoxicological effects. ). Maintaining open trade and investment during the crisis can facilitate access to innovation that can help in combatting the crisis. Some manufacturers buy the non-woven fabric and just weld the layers (in particular, those manufacturers who switched to mask production during the crisis). Source: ITC Market Access Map and WTO (as of 14 April 2020). Those COVID-19 Masks, Gloves, and Wipes Were All Using are Polluting Land and Sea. Welden N.A., Cowie P.R. Countries seeking to develop local production capacity as part of a strategy to address future crisis, need to ensure sufficient local demand. Nam S.-H., Seo Y.-M., Kim M.-G. Bisphenol A migration from polycarbonate baby bottle with repeated use. This paper provides an overview of the presence and abundance of COVID-19 mask in urbanised and natural environments, their direct adverse effects on wildlife, and discusses the potential ecotoxicological effects imposed by the released particles and leached hazardous chemicals recently reported for such items. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the There are about 43million healthcare workers in the world.16 Masks are generally assumed to be effective for about four hours and need to be regularly changed. For instance, hermit crabs Coenobita perlatus are known to get entrapped in marine plastic litter (e.g., inside bottles) (Lavers et al., 2020). J.C.P. In China, the population above 15years old is 1.1billion, thus giving an estimate of between 320 and 480million of masks per day for the whole population to have access to a similar number of masks each week. Cotton or other types of fabric can be used for the inner and outer layers (but they can also be made with non-woven fabrics). These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. Disposable masks are essentially made of polypropylene and high density of polyethylene, and might contain other polymeric materials such as polyesters, polyurethane, polystyrene, and polyacrylonitrile (Prata et al., 2021). Nose strips are added in order to bend the mask around the nose bridge, made from metal (aluminium, galvanised iron or steel). These latter operations are relatively basic and most textile companies can perform them, including with workers manually operating sewing machines for ear loops, for example. For example, production has been multiplied by 3 in France. To fully understand the scope of the abundance, source, drivers, and impact of such plastic litter in order to improve current legislation and legal frameworks, it is crucial to: i) increase research on this topic by increasing long-term monitoring programs, including aerial surveys and citizens science initiatives (for collection and reporting); and ii) assess the ecotoxicological impacts on different biota, considering environmental levels found for microplastics (including cocktails of hazardous contaminants that might be present in single-use masks). COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on plastic and antiviral polymeric textile causing pollution on beaches and coasts of South America. For instance, microplastics can contribute to spreading antibiotic-resistant genes (Hu et al., 2019) and increased plasmid transfer (Arias-Andres et al., 2018). Some of the mentioned hazardous chemicals (metals, surfactants, plasticisers, additives) and microplastics (fibres) as only stressors induce ecotoxicological effects (Issac and Kandasubramanian, 2021). Critical Component of Protective Masks in Short Supply, Wall Street Journal, 7 March 2020. In addition, action is urgently needed to promote the correct reuse (after disinfection), disposal and/or treatment (recycling) of plastics, including masks. Third, export restrictions push prices up and foster illegal activities (black markets and scams). 1684 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<11836C1126207C48820948629B0D9CBF>]/Index[1658 47]/Info 1657 0 R/Length 118/Prev 596209/Root 1659 0 R/Size 1705/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 1704 0 obj <>stream In China, several of the main producers of masks are foreign-owned firms. For example, up to 102.4 fibres/kg was observed in shoreline sediment (75% represented by polypropylene and polyethylene, including from synthetic nonwoven materials) collected in the Magdalena River Huila, Colombia (Martnez Silva and Nanny, 2020). Zhang R., Wang M., Chen X., Yang C., Wu L. Combined toxicity of microplastics and cadmium on the zebrafish embryos (, Ziajahromi S., Kumar A., Neale P.A., Leusch F.D. To meet this demand, it is important to continue to increase supply. Gandhiok, J., 2021. Meeting demand for face masks has become one of the main issues for governments fighting the pandemic. Pradit S., Noppradit P., Goh B.P., Sornplang K., Ong M.C., Towatana P. Occurrence of microplastics and trace metals in fish and shrimp from Songkhla lake, Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic. Source: OECD, based on information provided by manufacturers. Das O., Neisiany R.E., Capezza A.J., Hedenqvist M.S., Frsth M., Xu Q., Jiang L., Ji D., Ramakrishna S. The need for fully bio-based facemasks to counter coronavirus outbreaks: a perspective. Brando M.L., Braga K.M., Luque J.L. China pushes all-out production of face masks in virus fight, Nikkei Asian Review, 19February 2020. In France, the government requisitioned masks produced by the Swedish firm Mlnlycke and destined for other EU markets. Mombasa presented a higher number of masks in the streets; Kwale beaches presented more items than Kilifi. Polyester (361387 40 um) obtained from cushion. PET (< 5 mm) obtained from pink PET fleece, Adult mortality and adverse embryonic development, Nylon and PET (10 4 m; 23 100 m; 17 60 m; 23 70 m) purchased from Goodfellow, Compromised feeding activity, alteration in sinking rates, Nylon, polyester and PP (501000 30 um) obtained from fluorescent ropes. Ingestion of plastic microfibers by the crab. More emphasis should be put on the access to inputs and the development of capacity in the production of melt-blown polypropylene non-wovens. Based on these studies and considering that millions of disposable masks find their way into the freshwater waterways (where currents and turbulence can occur) and sea (where the waves' action can be quite sharp), one can predict that thousands of microfibres can be released daily. Masks are therefore effective only for a few hours (four hours for surgical masks and one day for N95 respirators) and there is a risk of contamination when manipulating them or re-using them. Neto H.G., Bantel C.G., Browning J., Fina Della N., Ballabio T.A., de Santana F.T., de Karam e Britto M., Barbosa C.B. To this share can add up face masks leaked from landfill facilities due to their lightweight, particularly in developing countries where such an end-of-life option is preferable for treating municipal solid wastes from COVID-19 (Corburn et al., 2020; Gandhiok, 2021; Sabour et al., 2020). In addition, Fernndez-Arribas et al. An important increase in supply is required in the short-term, requiring government planning and incentives for firms to convert existing assembly lines and create additional capacity. Lahens L., Strady E., Kieu-Le T.-C., Dris R., Boukerma K., Rinnert E., Gasperi J., Tassin B. Macroplastic and microplastic contamination assessment of a tropical river (Saigon River, Vietnam) transversed by a developing megacity. Source: Global Trade Alert, Market Access Map and WTO. This, essentially domestic, downstream part of the value chain can be as disrupted as the more international part upstream. (2021), and Wang et al. 320-324. Disruptions in transport and logistics have made the delivery of masks to final customers more complicated. Note: Estimates based on trade flows observed for HS 630790 and using shares calculated with HS8 and HS10 trade data to identify face masks. To the research project comPET (PTDC/CTA-AMB/30361/ 2017), funded by FEDER, through COMPETE 2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizao (POCI), and by national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTES. about navigating our updated article layout. Future research must address the fragmentation of face masks, as well as the release of a cocktail of contaminants, including their toxicological effects complemented by biomonitoring studies. Beaches (sediments and water), and streets. Jemec A., Horvat P., Kunej U., Bele M., Kran A. Uptake and effects of microplastic textile fibers on freshwater crustacean. Over 200 species, including marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds, are reported to have been entangled or ingested plastic litter (Khn et al., 2015). Seif S., Provencher J.F., Avery-Gomm S., Daoust P.Y., Mallory M.L., Smith P.A. But free trade and trade facilitation are not enough to solve the current shortage. The .gov means its official. Some countries have facilitated trade in masks and other protective equipment by removing tariffs or by suspending licensing and certification requirements. Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most commonly produced plastics in the world and, as a polymer derived from oil, can be easily supplied (although dependent on oil prices and access to oil). Thanks are due to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/ 2020), with the financial support from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Saliu et al. covering pre-existing commercial relationships). Based on the number of companies in different countries that were able to convert their production lines, it seems that the assembly stage is less of a bottleneck. Occurrence and density of disposable face masks during COVID-19 pandemic in urbanised and natural environments. 1 1658 0 obj <> endobj Microplastics and copper effects on the neotropical teleost. Abandoned Covid-19 personal protective equipment along the Bushehr shores, the Persian Gulf: an emerging source of secondary microplastics in coastlines. Before Zettler E.R., Mincer T.J., Amaral-Zettler L.A. Life in the plastisphere: microbial communities on plastic marine debris. No country can meet the increased demand for face masks alone. But even this was insufficient to meet its own demand related to COVID-19, and China imported a large quantity of masks.11 In January 2020, China could produce 20million masks per day12, which was insufficient to meet a total demand estimated at 240 million masks per day to equip health, manufacturing and transport workers.13 As a result of extensive efforts by the government and companies, Chinese production increased six-fold and reached 116million masks per day at the end of February and possibly 200million per day at the end of March (a ten-fold increase). Rodrigues J.P., Duarte A.C., Santos-Echeanda J., Rocha-Santos T. Significance of interactions between microplastics and POPs in the marine environment: a critical overview. Among bio-based solutions, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and poly(lactic)acid (PLA) obtained from microorganisms (including microalgae) have raised scientific attention, as they can be biodegradable (i.e., able to mineralise into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass in the presence of biological activity). ). However, none counted such debris in the environmental matrixes where such PPE were found. Although the percentage of COVID-19 face mask litter seems to be considerably lower than single-use plastics (e.g., packaging), their constitution (e.g., layers of polymeric material; ear-hook) and composition (additives and plasticisers) raises equal environmental concerns if their use and consumption patterns remain considerably high for the coming years (as in 20202021). With a great contribution from petrochemical polymers with high molecular weight, disposable face masks do not readily (bio)degrade in open environments (Prata et al., 2020). While China has considerably increased its production (by a factor of 10), other producing economies record more modest (although important) increases. Face masks have a particular interest as the dominant COVID-19 related litter found in the environment (as discussed in Section 2). For instance, some disposable face masks are being optimised for antimicrobial, self-cleaning, and skin protector properties (Chua et al., 2020), which can also leach to the environment. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), The face mask global value chain in the COVID-19 outbreak: Evidence and policy lessons, The main bottleneck in the value chain in terms of inputs has been the non-woven fabric manufactured with polypropylene, International trade and investment along the global value chain for face masks is an essential part of the policy response to the COVID-19 crisis in the short term, Transportation and logistics infrastructure (especially air cargo) is critical, But free trade and trade facilitation are not enough to solve the current shortage, Inputs are as important as final products, Open markets provide access to innovation, Unilateral actions raise uncertainty and costs, A multi-pronged approach is needed to mitigate risks, Robust supply chains require transparency, agility and reactivity, Journal of Academia and Industrial Research, Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), Beyond Containment: Health Systems Responses to COVID-19 in the OECD, https://www.who.int/publications-detail/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak, https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=2132, Tackling coronavirus (COVID-19) - Browse OECD contributions. Lifted on 8 February and reintroduced on 19 March, Export ban (also covering raw materials to fabricate masks), Export ban with exemptions for pre-existing commercial relationships. Disposable masks release microplastics to the aqueous environment with exacerbation by natural weathering. Chemicals adsorbed to microplastics may leach into body tissues after ingestion/contact, resulting in induced changes or bioaccumulation (Issac and Kandasubramanian, 2021). Pigments, dyes and fluorescent brightening agents for plastics: An overview. Certification procedures should be expedited to allow masks produced by new companies to be traded as soon as possible. de Orte M.R., Clowez S., Caldeira K. Response of bleached and symbiotic sea anemones to plastic microfiber exposure. Wildlife interactions with littered disposable masks have been reported daily, with the potential for adverse effects in a short- and long-run (Fig. It can also result in chronic effects, for instance, by restricting feeding to the point of starvation, facilitating predation, exhausting the animal, causing strangulations, infections, severe wounds, and even amputations. The carmaker BYD, a joint venture between SAIC and General Motors, DaddyBaby (a manufacturer of baby goods), Foxconn (the company manufacturing iPhones for Apple), and China Petroleum and Chemical are all examples of companies that started to produce face masks at a large scale (i.e. National Library of Medicine Additionally, paper pulp (forestry) is needed for cardboard in packaging.8 Metal is only needed for the nose strips, and a variety of metals can be used. A.C.D. For example, several companies are working on technologies to safely re-use face masks after a sterilisation process. endstream endobj startxref Chowdhury H., Chowdhury T., Sait S.M. Luksamijarulkul P., Aiempradit N., Vatanasomboon P. Microbial contamination on used surgical masks among hospital personnel and microbial air quality in their working wards: a hospital in Bangkok. 2020. Items densities seem dependent on sampling areas, weather conditions (wind, precipitation), and populational density. The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on marine litter pollution along the Kenyan coast: a synthesis after 100 days following the first reported case in Kenya. Thousands of tons of disposable face masks are ending up in natural environments worldwide; where they can scale up microfibres and hazardous chemicals contamination, with the potential to induce severe effects on their inhabitants, from invertebrates to vertebrates and at different levels of biological systems. Accessibility Parking lots and hospitals (1.601.33 10. Surgical face masks as a potential source for microplastic pollution in the COVID-19 scenario. Level 2 (US norms) or FFP2 (EU norms) is regarded as effective against the COVID-19 virus. COVID-19 has caused a dramatic shortage in the supply of face masks1, which is mainly explained by a surge in demand. 8600 Rockville Pike No effects on survival and bacterial infection (for polyester). Peris S.J. As ultrasonic welding is used in a variety of industries (including, for example, the automotive industry), the rest of the value chain is more accessible, although specialised machines are still needed at the assembly stage. First, they prevent some countries with no production capacity from gaining access to masks. Responses of, Banaee M., Soltanian S., Sureda A., Gholamhosseini A., Haghi B.N., Akhlaghi M., Derikvandy A. Unprecedented plastic-made personal protective equipment (PPE) debris in river outlets into Jakarta Bay during COVID-19 pandemic. Manufacturers of masks generally favour production close to consumers to build robust supply chains. But creating constraints through trade and investment policy can result in limiting the options available for firms to maintain their operations (e.g. %%EOF Simple masks have ties in the same material as the rest of the fabric, while more elaborate masks have elastic ear loops (made, for example, from nylon spandex), which need to be separately manufactured and attached to the filtering layers. A multi-pronged approach is needed to mitigate risks. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. Robust supply chains can ensure that masks can be produced during a crisis by maintaining operations. `D For example, In Jakarta, Indonesia, approximately 250 disposable masks might be entering aquatic environments daily (Cordova et al., 2021). There is a need to find the right balance between protecting domestic firms from opportunistic acquisition during the crisis and avoiding barriers that will jeopardize future investment in the recovery phase. According to the authors, higher mask-layers fragmentation into microplastics was observed in the longest UV light exposure (5-fold; up to 5 g/L) and in the presence of sand (2 to 10 fold, depending on the mask-layer; up to 18 g/L). PP (20100 20 um) obtained from containers. Since no country can meet the increase in the demand for masks alone, trade is essential. Prata J.C., Silva A., Duarte A.C., Rocha-Santos T.A.P. The main bottleneck in the value chain in terms of inputs has been the non-woven fabric manufactured with polypropylene.9. Jin I.K., Youn-Joo A. Roda J.F.B., Lauer M.M., Risso W.E., dos Reis Martinez C.B. It is much smaller than bacteria or dust. aCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, bCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, cMer Molcules Sante (MMS), Universit Catholique de l'Ouest, 3 place Andr Leroy, BP10808, 49008 Angers CEDEX 01, France, dCatalan Institute for Water research (ICRA-CERCA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101,17003 Girona, Spain, eWater and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. Transportation and logistics infrastructure (especially air cargo) is critical. Looking ahead, it would be excessively costly for every country to develop production capacity that matches crisis demand and encompasses the whole value chain. Mortality of a juvenile Magellanic penguin ( Spheniscus magellanicus , Spheniscidae ) associated with the ingestion of a PFF-2 protective mask during the Covid-19 pandemic. The interaction of microplastics with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is a complex issue, as it depends on the characteristics of microplastics, contaminants, and environmental conditions, potentially originating additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects (Rodrigues et al., 2019).

Vintage Stratocaster Specs, Black Tulle Underskirt, Walthers Ho Scale Flat Cars, Food Packaging Pouch With Zipper, Zara Navy Blazer Mens, Fish Farming Website Template, Yupoong Unstructured 6-panel,