characteristics of middle eastern literature

Jones, Alan (2003). Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). In Rodwell, J. M. Makdisi, George (May 1, 1986). Some of the most well-known writers of contemporary Middle Eastern literature write in other languages: Palestinian novelist Anton Shammas (b. It drew together stories with roots in India, Persia, and the Arab world. 1951) and emerging writer Sayed Kashua (Qashu', b. Most other memoirs, however, focus on the author's childhood. In Sharon, Moshe. ." The synergy among our authors, professional editors, humanities faculty, and student editors brings fresh ideas and new energy to the magazine and keeps WLT at the cutting edge of cultural developments and important global issues. The best known figures of the later twentieth century have been those who have turned their mastery of language and rhythm to explore new poetic forms while expressing often sharply critical political and social commentary. Badawi, Muhammad. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. His best-known works include the Cairo trilogy (Palace Walk, Palace of Desire, Sugar Street), published from 1956 to 1957, and Children of the Alley (1959). Hamori, Andras (1971). "An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: the City of Brass". Abdel-Malek, Kamal, "Popular Arabic Religious Narratives", in, Eglash, Ruth, "Arabic manuscripts from J'lem libraries to go online", This page was last edited on 19 July 2022, at 16:44. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/literature-middle-eastern, "Literature, Middle Eastern Imported European novels first appeared in the mid-nineteenth century. (July 28, 2022). WLT has received a dozen national publishing awards in the past ten years, including the Phoenix Award for Editorial Achievement from the Council of Editors of Learned Journals in 2002. Pre-Islamic Arabic literature is characterized by the mua'allaqat (ca. 1942) are also often described as concerned with women's experiences, particularly during the Lebanese civil war: Samaan's Beirut '75 (1974) can be found on university reading lists in Damascus, for example, while al-Shaykh's Beirut Blues (1995) uses the war to revisit themes of frustration and emptiness that she first addressed in The Story of Zahra (1986) and other works. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. 28 Jul. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. . Romanlar! Moreh, Shmuel (1986). In the late-twentieth century the genre began opening to women, following the publication of Moroccan writer Fatima Mernissi's (b. Go to Table A Short History of Modern Arabic Literature. Encyclopedia.com. 1940) Dreams of Trespass (1994). Oxford; Clarendon, 1993. of Contents. Cachia, Pierre. A folk literature also emerged, involving heroic or adventure narratives; A Thousand and One Nights is the most renowned example. For the Levant and the Persian Gulfthe heart of the Arab worldthe emerging Ottoman Empire provided the most significant influence. Although today these three literatures appear as discrete entities, they share a long early religious, cultural, and political history. Select a purchase Young, M. J. L.; Latham, J. D.; Serjeant, R. B., ed. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. . Retrieved July 28, 2022 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/literature-middle-eastern. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Modern Arabic literature addresses the full range of human experience, often through a realist approach that employs the Arabic language in ways ranging from the most formal to the most colloquial. Absurdist and existential dramatic styles have aided works whose political critiques needed to be safely cloaked in abstraction. Well-known Palestinian poet Fadwa Tuqan (19172003; A Mountainous Journey, 1985), Syrian author Siham Tergeman (Daughter of Damascus, 1994), and Moroccan short-story writer Leila Abouzeid (b. 1942) remains one of the most active voices in contemporary Arabic poetry; Memory for Forgetfulness (1982) is perhaps his most famous diwan (collection of poetry). 1969) write in French. A list of modern Middle Eastern literature must begin with the Egyptian author Naguib Mahfouz (Najib Mahfudh, b. Twenty-first-century Middle Eastern (primarily Arabic, Persian, and Turkish) literature encompasses a rich variety of genres, whose maturation has profited from internal and external influences upon this literature over the past fourteen centuries. Ashtiany, Julia; Johnstone, T. M.; Latham, J. D.; Serjeant, R. B.; Smith, G. Rex, ed. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. World Literature Today is an independent, not-for-profit publication sponsored by the University of Oklahoma, a doctoral degree-granting research university serving the educational, cultural, and economic needs of the state, region, and nation. Strauss, Johann. "Foreword". With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. . For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions mid 500searly 600s ce), a collection of poems from the Arabian Peninsula renowned for their beauty. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Drawing upon the hakawati (story-telling) tradition found in folk literature, the modern short story has been employed to offer social and political commentary on the difficulties faced by ordinary citizensparticularly those in urban areas. In addition to fiction, the genre of memoirs has proven particularly rich in the later twentieth and early twenty-first century. The most notable effect of European influence was the emergence of the novel as a primary literary genre of modern Arabic literature. With the political fragmentation of the Muslim world in the 1200s, cultural contributions from Persia, India, western Asia, and North Africa intensified, entering the literature primarily through Sufi figures like the eminent Persian poet Hafiz (ca. The reputed "first" Middle Eastern novel, Muhammad Hussein Heykal's (18901956) Zaynab, was published in 1913 and was followed by numerous novels published in Ottoman Turkish and Arabic. The twentieth century was a time of great evolution in poetic styles, from the mysticism of the Lebanese-born writer Gibran Khalil Gibran (18831931) to the gentle experiments with form and expression made by Egyptian author Ahmad Shawqi (18681932), the Palestinian poet Ibrahim Tuqan (19051941), and others in the interwar period. "The Neo-Classical Poets". 1950; Return to Childhood, 1993) and others have published memoirs. Check out using a credit card or bank account with. "Romanlar, ah! Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1990. Poetry continues to play a significant role in modern Middle Eastern literature. see also Clothing and Fashion, Middle East; Education, Middle East; Ideology, Political, Middle East. Arabs comprise less than one-quarter of the world's 1.2 billion Muslims., Arabic languages, members of the West Semitic group of the Semitic subdivision of the Afroasiatic family of languages (see Afroasiatic languages). The activity of WLT as a campus humanities center, in turn, enriches the magazine. 1930) is best known in the United States for her activist writing on the oppression of women in the Arab world; within the region she is also known as a novelist, whose works, including Woman at Point Zero (1975), often treat similar themes. "Live Theater in Medieval Islam". (2000). Purchase this issue for $44.00 USD. 1945) and Ghada Samaan (b. Meanwhile, prose matured as a literary form, a development attributed to the Persian bureaucrats employed by the Abbasid court. Menocal, Mara Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael, ed. By the late nineteenth century, the genre had attracted an upper-and upper-middle-class following. In Badawi, Mohammed Mustafa. The introduction of European colonial regimes, coupled with the modernizing efforts of the Ottoman state, opened the region to European political, economic, and cultural influences on a much broader scale than in any previous historical moment. Von Grunebaum, G. E. (1952). (The childhood memoir of Turkish feminist and intellectual Halide Edib Adivar [18841964], House with Wisteria, was published in the mid-1900s.) Encyclopedia.com. The Palestinian short-story author Ghassan Kanafani (19361972) wrote a number of pieces that demonstrate the richness of the genre, of which "Men in the Sun" (1963) is the most widely known. The Palestinian poet Mahmud Darwish (b. "Literature, Middle Eastern That of Imru al-Qays (c. mid-500s), perhaps the best known, begins: "Come, let us cry from the remembrance of a love and a home." World Literature Today 1986 Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma (1983). Jayyusi, Salma, ed. The Ottoman Empire aided the development of Arabic literature by, like the earlier Islamic empires, serving as a bridge joining peoples and cultures across its great geographic expanse. From its campus base in Norman, Oklahoma, WLT administers the prestigious Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the NSK Neustadt Prize for Children's Literature, and the Puterbaugh Conferences on World Literature. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. While Turkish and Persian literatures have both followed individual trajectories since the modern period, they too evince a similar range with respect to genre and employment of language. 2022 . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Les dbuts de la lecture moderne dans l'Empire Ottoman." Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Authors like Ibn Muqaffa (died ca. An Overview of Modern Arabic Literature. To access this article, please, Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. Now in its ninth decade of continuous publication, WLT has been recognized by the Nobel Prize committee as one of the "best edited and most informative literary publications" in the world, and was recently called "an excellent source of writings from around the globe by authors who write as if their lives depend on it" (Utne Reader, 2005). Poetry remained the dominant literary form during the "classical" period of the Abbasid (7501258), with romantic praise of a beloved, whether male or female, the most common theme. The other characteristic genre of modern Arabic literature, the short story, also emerged in this period. The Syrian poet Nizar Qabbani (19231998), known for his often frosty relations with his own and other state governments, wrote political poetry in the guise of romance and quasi-erotic pieces. Although poetic themes have changed over the centuries, the ode (qasida) has enjoyed continuing popularity through the twentieth century. In poetry, the introduction of free verse style, breaking the tight conventions of the traditional forms, has spurred the emergence of new themes: the dramas of ordinary life, emotional responses to the loss of Palestine, and other topics grounded in the personal experience of the author rather than conventional rhetoric found in earlier eras. During these yea, Literature or Life (l'Ecriture Ou La Vie), Literature of the English-Speaking Caribbean, Literature II: Reading and the Print Trade, Literature and the Arts in the Revolutionary Era, Literature and Songs of the Great Depression, Literature: Anglo-Irish Literary Tradition, Beginnings of, Literature: Anglo-Irish Literature in the Nineteenth Century, Literature: Civil War and American Letters, Literature: Critical Theory and Religious Studies, Literature: Early and Medieval Literature, Literature: Early Modern Literature before the Stuarts (15001603), Literature: Gaelic Literature in the Nineteenth Century, Literature: Gaelic Writing from 1607 to 1800, Literature: Sagas and Other Early Medieval Writings, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/literature-middle-eastern. (1990). 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"The Romantic Poets". New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. Finally, the early and mid-twentieth century saw the blossoming of memoirs and autobio-graphic literature, which blended elements of the tarjuma (a type of formalized curriculum vitae often used to summarize the life achievements of eminent men), the literary inheritance of the sira (the narrative of the life of the Prophet Muhammad), and the more personal elements of naturalistic nineteenth-century poetry into autobiographic and memoir genre traditions. These poems are odes to the sorrows of lost love, using such tropes as abandoned campsites to evoke memories of a beloved. Somekh (1992). Whether in the form of European themes or genres, the incorporation of European words or the adoption of European languages wholesale, or literary responses to the new reality of colonial regimes, European influences on Middle Eastern literature began appearing toward the end of the century. The books of Lebanese novelists Hanan al-Shaykh (b. A similarly eminent figure is Jordanian Abdelrahman (Abd al-Rahman) Munif (19332004), whose Cities of Salt (1984), an epic portrayal of the changes brought to a desert community by the advent of oil drilling there, was rewarded for its authenticity with bans in several countries. In Badawi, Mohammed Mustafa. While pre-Islamic Persian and Turkish literatures would prove influential when taken up by writers in the first few centuries after Islam, pre-Islamic Arabic literature provided the first literary model. "Avicenna's Risla f 'l-'iq and Courtly Love". Modern Arabic Poetry: An Anthology. ." His works are often misrecognized as the latter in the West; translated collections of his poems often bear misleading references to love in their titles. World Literature Today, the University of Oklahoma's bimonthly magazine of international literature and culture, opens a window to the world in every issue. Jayyusi, Salma Khadra (1992). Napolon Bonaparte's (17691821) invasion of Egypt in 1798, often described as the beginning of the modern era, also marked the shift from domestic to external literary traditions as dominant influences on Middle Eastern literature.

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